Satellite

The Aqua (EOS PM-1) and Terra (EOS AM-1) satellites were propelled by NASA in 2002 and 1999 individually, and every one of them contains the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor. These satellites structure a segment of the Earth’s Observing System, or NASA EOS, and work simultaneously around the sun while circling close to the shafts of the earth. Forward-thinking, the five-year life expectancy Aqua and Terra MODIS sensors acquire excellent data.Advertising We will compose a custom coursework test on Satellite-Based Remote Sensing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Specifically, the MODIS sensor was designed to aid worldwide air look into, that is, both in the sea and ashore. With a survey area of around 2 330 kilometers, the satellites have the capacity of making total cycles in under two days. While the Aqua satellite goes from south to north around 1:30 p.m., the Terra satellite moves the other way about 10:30 a.m. neighborhood ti me (Esaias, 1998, p. 1255). Appropriately, the two satellites get information in more than 36 otherworldly groups. The MODIS remote sensor items differ from land, cryosphere, adjustment, seas, and to the air. Once more, the instrument has goals of 250m, 500m and 1000m. Also, the vast majority of the MODIS items and sea shading groups look like the SeaWiFS, which have a 1000m goals size. There are different sorts of sea shading coded channels and their applications as appeared in the table underneath (Morel, 1977, p. 720). Essential Application Band Bandwidth (nm) Central Wavelength (nm) Pixel size (nm) Ozone 8 405 †420 411.3 1000 Cloud top 9 438 †448 442.0 1000 Water fume 10 483 †493 486.9 1000 Cloud 11 526 †536 529.6 1000 Biogeochemistry 12 546 †556 546.8 1000 Water fume 13 662 †672 665.5 1000 Ozone 14 673 †683 676.8 1000 Cloud top 15 743 †753 746.4 1000 Altitude 16 862 †877 886.2 1000 Moreover, MODIS sensors have a few quality water app lications. One such application was done in Lake Flathead, Montana. With respect to the general highlights of the lake, it is 113m profound, covers a complete zone of 480 km2, and is among the biggest normally happening freshwater lakes right now. Be that as it may, this oligotrophic lake experienced rising eutrophication forms in 1977 and 2001. What's more, it encountered two macroalgae lakewide blossoms that altogether decreased its water quality because of anthropogenic supplement input. Subsequently, when it was overviewed during 2004 and 2005, the outcomes uncovered a temperature extend that was somewhere in the range of 8.3 and 22.60C, Secchi profundities somewhere in the range of 1.5 and 17 m, and chlorophyll-a levels between 0.1 to 0.9 mg/m3 (Clark et al., 1970, p. 1120). From that point onward, the analysts utilized transmissometers and fluorometers to get different profundities of the lake at various spans. Likewise, efficiency pointers, for example, chlorophyll substance and turbidity fixations were resolved utilizing a medium goals MODIS sensor. Besides, water quality boundaries were recovered from the sensor by use of the Single Correlated Scattering Radiance and the Atmospherically Corrected Reflectance draws near. Results showed that the most elevated level of turbidity and chlorophyll content happened at the thermocline and at a profundity of about 20m.Advertising Looking for coursework on ecological investigations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Again, the scientists presumed that Single Correlated Scattering Radiance was a superior methodology since it gave dependable and tenable information. In any case, it was noticed that both of the two methodologies could be utilized at various seasons since there was co-difference of boundaries. The specialists presumed that issues were introduced when a particular reliable calculation was utilized. To decide whether the sensor had the option to assess water quality changes, the scientists detailed a day by day Two Time Complete Series approach. From the outcomes, the sensor recognized contributions from stream releases and particulate affidavits from the environment at week by week or month to month premise. Having acquired this data, the specialists inferred that the MODIS remote sensor had the option to screen the nature of water in Lake Flathead (Reza, 2008, p. 801). Then again, the beach front territories of the United Arab Emirates frequently experience oil slicks, and this presents genuine natural concerns. Such calamity regularly compounds once appropriate observing instruments are not instituted. Luckily, the MODIS remote sensor can ensure most extreme reconnaissance whenever put into utilization and appropriately oversaw. During its application, key duties of the MODIS remote sensor incorporate identifying and assessing the measure of oil spillage. To segregate oil slicks, a 250m spatial goals of the MODIS sens or is set since oil slicks include a little surface zone. To enable the specialist to recognize surface water wonders from objects like boats, it is critical to upgrade information differentiate by making a few changes on the 250m bands2 of the sensor (Li et al., 2003, p.559). Once more, to guarantee that the district of intrigue empowers the specialist to decide both the most extreme and least qualities with respect to the zone of oil spillage, shadows coming about because of oil are barred since they may give a bogus impression of oil (Fingas, 2000, p.25). In the Republic of South Africa, a comparative use of the sensor was effectively done, and the accompanying figure speaking to oil spillage under daylight was then created in 25th May, 2005. Reference List Clark, G. L., Ewing, G. C., Lorenzen, C. J. (1970). Spectra of backscattered light from the ocean acquired from airplane as a proportion of chlorophyll focus. Science, 167, 1119-1121.Advertising We will compose a custom course work test on Satellite-Based Remote Sensing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Esaias, W. E. (1998). An outline of MODIS capacities for sea science perceptions. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, 36, 1250-1265. Fingas, M. (2000). Oil slick remote detecting. Ocean Technol., 41, 21-26. Li, R., Kaufman, Y. J., Gao, B. (2003). Remote detecting of suspended dregs and shallow seaside waters. IEEE Trans. Geosc. Remote Sens., 41, 559. Morel, A., Prieur, L. (1977). Examination of varieties in sea shading. Limnol Oceanogr, 22, 709-722. Reza, M. (2008). Evaluation of Suspended Sediments Concentration in Surface Waters Using MODIS Images. Am. J. Appl. Sc., 5, 798-804. This coursework on Satellite-Based Remote Sensing was composed and put together by client Jayden E. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Why does the UK financial services regulator take such a dim view of Essay

For what reason does the UK money related administrations controller take such a dreary perspective on both market misuse and insider managing - Essay Example 179). Since the previous decade, budgetary markets have encountered fundamental changes. This is on the grounds that globalization has had sensational and extensive consequences for United Kingdom. Market misuse and insider dealings are criminal cases for which one is to be fined or freely reprimanded (Avgouleas, 2005, p. 179). Market misuse is more approximately outlined than insider dealings. The majority of the offenses in the monetary markets are managed under the market misuse system. The monetary assistance controller can implement a criminal arraignment on a market misuse case on the off chance that it considers fit and if there is adequate proof. Market misuse, as per Alexander (2001, p. 12), alludes to ill-advised conduct that destabilizes the United Kingdom markets and damages the premiums of the customary market clients and members. Therefore, the money related administrations guideline Act has made approvals and punishments which are neighboring the criminals’ offe nses Act (Compliance Reporter, 2011, p. 2-3). The essential part of market misuse is conduct corresponding to shares and other monetary instruments executed freely in United Kingdom. For conduct to be named as an insider giving, it ought to encapsulate one of the seven sorts of insider dealings and market maltreatment as depicted by the money related assistance controller. Nonetheless, it ought to be noticed that insider managing and advertise misuse acts add up to criminal offenses subject to corrective assents. The deceptive proclamations and courses of direct with the point of prompting someone else to execute or stop from doing rights comparable to speculations add up to criminal offenses (The Compliance Reporter, 2011, p. 4). The market misuse system will grab anybody: not just the people working in the money related markets or who deal with the cited organizations on the board yet in addition any individual who will endeavor to manhandle the protections showcases in portrayed manners. An individual is obligated in any event, when the activities were inadvertent as well as aberrant (empowering such practices). As per Alexander (2001, p. 4), advertise misuse and insider data system covers budgetary instruments, for example, the offers, prospects, warrants, choices and obligation protection, and agreements for contrasts, executed on each managed showcase in United Kingdom. Also, the system covers all the tasks related with the monetary instruments in any event, when taken out away market. In different occurrences, lead as per other related budgetary instruments or fundamental products might be grabbed, in any event, when the instruments are not executed on a typical controlled market. Likewise, an individual’s direct including protections executed on an abroad free market might be caught if an alternative identified with them is merchandized in United Kingdom. The market misuse system purposes to shield markets from mischief to their proficiency and to ensure adequacy, request and reasonableness. The budgetary help controller has the duty of giving implicit rules in the market, which provide suitable guidance to people deciding if conduct comprises misuse or not. An insider, regarding Alexander (2001, p. 10), alludes to a person who has inside data about a speculation because of their participation in the authoritative or administrative body of a guarantor of qualifying adventure or the board. An individual may likewise be an insider because of holding capital of a backer of a specified endeavor or due to having option to utilize the information by the reality of business, demonstrable skill, or duties. Also, an

whether youre interested in energy or in applying to SIPA, theres an event for you COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

whether youre interested in energy or in applying to SIPA, theres an event for you COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you havent been keeping up with the various SIPA events happening on campus, next week we are hosting two interesting events in New York that prospective students may want to attend so MARK YOUR CALENDARS. On Monday, November 12 at 1:00pm, the Leaders in Global Energy Lecture Series will present:   Whats New on Alternative Energy? with Guillaume Aubert, Partner and Managing Director at Boston Consulting Group.   The presentation will be moderated by Manuel Pinho.     Please register online if you are interested in attending. Another great event to learn more about SIPA is to attend the Admissions Diversity Symposium on Friday, November 16th from 10am to 2pm. The Office of Admissions and SIPA Students of Color group will co-host an admissions symposium. SIPA Faculty, students and alumni will highlight unique contributions of students of color to global public policy and discuss potential opportunities for future graduates.     The program will also feature a discussion of admissions and financial aid for those who wish to consider graduate study at SIPA. Please register for this event by completing the registration form at the bottom of the event link.   Seats are limited.

Positive Organization Taps the Best Workforce on their Skills, Creativity, Talents and Ideas They Bring Free Essay Example, 1000 words

I would offer an authentic leadership; I would know the Asian cultural beliefs and values, by this I will win the trust of the Asian community. I will encourage a open door policy to increase information flow and communication. I would be a moral manager embracing ethical behavior and reasoning all the time, not acting as an after thought as Jones did. I would call for an employee meeting both the safety team and the Asian women, brainstorm on the problem, this is a proactive way of solving the issue while being reflective of the matter. I would seek an opinion of various Asian community forums and legal expert on the same to be in compliance with the law and promoting religious freedom at the same time. With knowledge of the situation, possible options available from the various responses and critical analysis of the immediate and future consequences, I will call the leaders forum and develop a work plan to incorporate a win-win situation. CEO Chris Blount should appoint Carmellita Suarez as CIO. Carmellita should be the next CIO. ReasonsBenchmarking both Pat and Carmellita we conclude the following; Pat had preconceived notions on his success in IT thinking he has more expertise than the rest, further during the interview he stated that the board should consider the position on merit of work and reputation. Carmellita had a success in working across departments, i.e. teams and suppliers and she could solve any problem arising in the section. Where as Pat had more narrow capabilities only on technical and intelligence aspect. By evaluating both candidates CEO Chris Blount, is seeking to fill the position with the candidate with the best talent and skills i leadership and managerial. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Organization Taps the Best Workforce on their Skills, Creativity, Talents and Ideas They Bring or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The person should be able to make decisions, thus working with other stakeholders is a key factor of a leader. Carmellita works well with other people and adapts with the trends of the company. Carmellita has skills, she is responsible and she represents the company well by solving issues even with suppliers.

The, Memory, And Perception - 3838 Words

Abstract Age, memory, and perception seem to impact each other throughout human development. As humans age is perceived that their memories change because of time, social norms, and age. Cognition is an important part of memory as it defines itself as the method by which humans identify and comprehend things. As humans age perceptions change which can impact how memories are identified, comprehended, and articulated. It is perceived that the younger the person the better and more accurate the memories or recall of the events will occur. There are also other questions concerning this area such as at what age does this happen, does middle age to older adults have better memory recall than teenage to young adults. Determining possible factors will be the underlying reason for this paper. Is it the first time that parent’s call their children the wrong name, when one cannot remember where something was placed, or the description of an event was depicted with a person’s biases? Human memory is involved in all of these types of experiences. How does perception and age impact memory over a life span? In a recent study by Karpicke and Lehmann, 2013, memory was defined generally as capability to utilize the previous information in the assistance of the here and now and they discussed three different types of memory. There are different types of memory, for example when one relies on their previous practices in which a series of motor skill actions are used to completeShow MoreRelatedPerception, Introspection, Reason And Memory Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThere are four different sources of knowledge: perception, introspection, reason and memory. All our knowledge roots from our perception. Perception is the way humans sense the world outside the body. We perceive through our five senses: see, hear, smell, taste, and touch. Humans gain knowledge through experiences and experience through perception. 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Gender Equality and Environmental Sustainability in Uganda’s Water Sector Free Essays

string(59) " for water resources management and development in Uganda\." GENDER EQUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN UGANDA’S WATER SECTOR. By Nandala Mike(mnandala@yahoo. com) 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Equality and Environmental Sustainability in Uganda’s Water Sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1Essence of Gender, Gender Equality and the Environment Gender refers to the different roles, rights and responsibilities of men and women and the relationships between them, their qualities, behaviours, and identities which are determined through the process of socialisation to define their relationships with each other and with their environment. Gender equality on the other hand is a principle that equates men and women before and under the law; men and women have equal dignity (worthiness); and have equal opportunities in economic, political, cultural and social life. It is upon this background that the relationships and rights enjoyed by men and women foster decision making and activities that in turn have been affected in both the management and sustainability of the environment. It has been observed that there is an undesirable imbalance that has existed between men and women resulting in inadequate performance of the letter of their roles. Often this has slowed down development initiatives leading to adverse effects on the environment. 1. 2 Significancy of Water in Social and Economic Development Water is a key strategic resource, vital for sustaining life, promoting development and maintaining the environment. Access to clean and safe water and improved sanitation facilities and practices are pre-requisites to a health/population and therefore have a direct impact on the quality of life and productivity of the population. Besides domestic water supply, water is also vital for: Livestock Water Supply, Industrial Water Supply, Hydropower generation, Agriculture, Marine Transport, Fisheries, Waste Discharge, Tourism, and Environmental Conservation. Water, therefore, significantly contributes to the national socio-economic development and also poverty eradication (UNWD, 2005) Water is thus an integral part of the natural resources protected under the Uganda Constitution. 1. 3Government Committement. Over the last two decades, government has committed itself to the implementation of public sector reforms meant to ensure sustainable development, through legislative and policy frameworks anchored on three key policies, namely: Decentralisation, Privatisation and Divestiture; and the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), These were intended to reduce the burden of the nation’s concern for income generating resources and practices. The PEAP was prepared in 1997 in a move to eradicate poverty as an overall national planning framework. It has since been revised through 2007/8 and based on five pillars, namely; (1) Economic management; (2) Enhancing production, competitiveness and incomes; (3) Security, conflict-resolution and disaster management; (4) Good governance and (5) Human development (PEAP 2004/5-2007/8) Water and sanitation are some of the central elements under pillar one intended to improve the quality of life of the poor through human development. The second pillar points out a strategy to foster production, incomes and competitiveness through water consumption and production. It also addresses actions to empower and strengthen women’s gender awareness and furthermore points out inadequacies aimed at capacity building in the application of skills, limited choice in the decisions about the nature of services received and needed by women, less efforts in community gender awareness campaigns, weaknesses among decision makers including support in supervision and monitoring thus leading to reasons for low gender responsiveness in the water sector. Which way forward? With this background, this Article addresses key policy and legal frame works in the water sector, gender and environmental impact assessment of water resources which have been developed and supported by various laws, sector performance, integration of gender into environment and sustainable development, issues of particular concern, and recommendations. 2. 0Policy, Legal and Institutional Frameworks 2. 1Policy The policy objectives of the Government of Uganda for the Water and Sanitation sector are at two levels: first, the domestic consumption and secondly, water for production. At the domestic level, the objective is to provide sustainable safe water and hygienic sanitation facilities, within easy reach, based on management responsibility and ownership by users, to 77% of the population in rural areas and 100% in urban areas by year 2015. Concerning water for production, the aim is to promote development of water supply for agricultural production in order to modernise agriculture and mitigate effects of climatic variations on rain fed agriculture (MWLE, 1999). In essence, the overall policy objective is to manage and develop the water resources of Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner, so as to secure and provide adequate quantity and quality of water for all social and economic needs of the present and future generations. The Government aims at full participation of all stakeholders with an 80-90% target for effective use and functionality of facilities. Other policy measures have also been put in place by the Environment and Natural Resources Sector Working Group which commissioned a study on the use of economic instruments for environmental management. Curbing water pollution was a key implementation factor for environmental sustainability. In 1998, the government introduced a water waste discharge fee ranging from 0 to 13 million Ugandan shillings ($0 to $7,000) in proportion to the biological oxygen demand load. The fees were meant to encourage investment in less polluting technologies. The legislation required that companies register for discharge permits before dumping industrial waste water. 2. 2Legal Framework The major Instruments relevant to the Water Sector that provide the enabling legal framework for the water resources management and development in Uganda include: the Constitution, which provides the broad legal and policy framework within which all water sector legislation, policies and development plans are developed; the National Environment Act,(1995), it provides the framework for coordinated and sound management of the environment including environmental impact assessment of water resources related projects and setting water quality and effluent standards; the Local Government Act, which provides for the decentralisation of functions, powers, responsibilities and services to Local Governments; Uganda Water Action Plan (1995); the Water Resources Regulations and Waste Water Discharge Regulations (1998), providing for the regulation of water abstraction and waste water discharge through the use of permits; the National Water Policy (1999), indicating the policy framework for wate r resources management and development in Uganda. You read "Gender Equality and Environmental Sustainability in Uganda’s Water Sector" in category "Papers" Other related legal policies include the National Gender Policy (1997) ; Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA) and ; Water and Sanitation Gender Strategy (2003-2008). The policies and legal framework outlined above, are forward-looking in intention, for socio-economic, development strategies of the Government of Uganda and have supported various reforms in the water sector which has enabled government, to put in good order and rationalise the country’s resource utilisation. The question is, are these policies fully implemented? What is the implementation stand at local government and community levels? There are challenges regarding definition of roles and responsibilities, capacity and coordination of men and women, as well as collaboration for improved performance especially at government and community levels (MWLE, 2005). There is also need to review some provisions of the laws to incorporate regulatory functions and allow equal participation of men and women, in the water sector. (1)Institutional and Implementation Framework The water sector is structured at three distinct levels namely: (a) the national, (b) decentralised or local government level and (c) the micro or user level. (a)National level At the national level, a Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment (MWLE) was created in 1996 following Government restructuring of line Ministries. This institution is charged with overall responsibility for initiating national policies and setting national standards and priorities for water development and management. Two national institutions are under this Ministry: The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) and Directorate of Water Development (DWD). At implementation level, the Water and Sanitation Sector Working Group (WSSWG) which is under the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) provides policy and technical guidance for sector development in the country; approves all sector programmes, including work-plans and budgets. The sector comprises representatives from ; Development Partners and Non-Governmental Organisations and Government. The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), was established in 1972 with responsibility to deliver water supply and sewerage services in 15 urban centres serving 2. 1 million people. These centres are Entebbe, Kampala, Jinja /Njeru, Mbale, Tororo, Soroti, Gulu, Lira, Arua, Masaka, Mbarara, Fort Portal, Kasese, Bushenyi/Ishaka and Kabale. The Directorate of Water Development is the leading water sector agency responsible for policy guidance, setting standards, co-ordinating and monitoring, sector reporting, and undertaking sector relevant research and development. DWD is also responsible for managing water resources including provision of oversight and support services to the local governments and other water supply service providers. DWD, 1991-2001 ) Other national level institutions that play important roles in the Water and Sanitation sector include Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED), responsible for the mobilisation and allocation of financial r esources including co-ordination of donor inputs and the privatization process; Ministry of Health (MOH), for promotion of hygiene and household sanitation; Ministry of Education and Sports(MoE), charged with promotion of sanitation and hygiene education in schools; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), responsible for planning, coordination and implementation of all agriculture development in the country including irrigation development, aquaculture, and livestock development ; Ministry of Gender and Social Development, which addresses gender responsive development and community mobilisation; and NGOs working in the sector. (b)District level The District and Local Government levels as a whole, are responsible for the provision and management of water and sanitation services in rural areas and urban areas outside the jurisdiction of NWSC, in liaison with DWD. Their functions, responsibilities and powers differ according to the degree of decentralization so far implemented for both rural and urban water. Planning, implementation and operational management of water and sanitation activities in major towns remain the function of NWSC. However, of 143 small towns with a population of 1. million, 66 have been gazette as water supply areas, 61 of these have operational piped water supplies and schemes, of which 57 are managed by private sector water operators. Planning and implementation for water supply systems in small towns is still centralized at national level (MWLE 2005). Operation and maintenance is decentralised to the urban authorities and private operators through public-private partnership arrangements. The district water offices operate within the overall framework of the district local councils. The district offices are staffed with a multi- skilled team, in planning, hygiene education and social aspects. The district water team reports to the Works and Technical/Services sub-committees of their respective local governments. At county level, technical officers have been posted to facilitate planning and supervision of construction works and overseeing maintenance of installed supplies. The communities are responsible for demanding for, planning, operating and maintaining water and sanitation facilities. (c)The Micro or User level At sub-county level, planning, implementation and operation and maintenance of the rural water and sanitation facilities are organised. These communities are also obliged to pay for urban water and sanitation services provided by NWSC and other service providers. Development of low-cost technology options such as springs, shallow wells, rainwater-harvesting tanks and school latrines are undertaken. The district water office and national level technical teams support the sub-counties to carry out water resources assessment to identify potential areas for water development and sanitation services. The sub-counties assess the demand for water and sanitation services by the communities. This is based on population size and location and functionality of the existing facilities. At community level, the citizens are supposed to participate in the planning, financing, implementation, monitoring and control of community water and sanitation development. Communities submit requests/applications to the sub county for support towards water improvements. These are then forwarded to the district However, the level of community participation is less than the partnership, which it is meant to be. Women who are majority users of Water resources constitute only a handful of people, dominated by men in accessing and managing these resources. The initial programme design and implementation under many previous projects does not fully address gender equity participation. 3. 0Integration of gender into Environment and sustainable development in the water sector In order to avert the rapid degradation of the environment, Uganda developed a National Environment Action Plan (NEAP), 1995, that adapted a gender approach in planning the long-term investment of managing the natural resources in the country. The NEAP makes a strong commitment to addressing environment problems and to sustainable development in a comprehensive manner. The plan also argues for participatory approaches to environmental planning and the integration of gender analysis. The Uganda National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is charged with formulating national environment policies and providing guidance in the implementation, including environment impact assessment, and environment education and training in environment management. The main purpose of incorporating gender in the environment management policies was to enable men and women perform their duties in the best cost effective methods which will conserve the environment, accelerate sustainable development that would improve people’s way of living. To achieve the above objectives there was need to formulate activities, which would contribute to the integrated promotion of sustainable livelihoods and environmental protection, covering various sectoral interventions involving a range of actors, from decentralised or local government level to lower levels, that are essential at every stage especially at the grassroots levels in the rural areas with special emphasis on the disadvantaged groups like women and youths. 4. 0ISSUES OF PARTICULAR CONCERN 4. 1Equitable access to water supply Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right and essential for achieving gender equality and sustainable development. Most households, especially at community levels do not have adequate access to water and the children and especially women, walk long distances to fetch water for domestic use. Water near the home contribute significant improvements in nutrition and health. The carrying of water over long distances is a health hazard. During daily water collection, women and girls face the risk of rape and injuries from attacks. A major issue associated with poor water supply and sanitation is a case with the Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) camps, in Northern Uganda which involves high risks of sexual violence and abuses committed primarily against women and girls, a danger often caused by insufficient water supply and sanitation facilities within the camps which prompt movements to get water from far areas and at homes poor hygienic conditions. Over crowding, poor water pressure and broken water pumps accelerate the crisis (Diane Paul, 2006) Access to fresh water and sanitation therefore, does not only improve the health of a family, but it also provides an opportunity for girls to go to school, and for women to use their time more productively than in fetching water. Women in most cases are primarily responsible for the use and management of water resources, sanitation and health at the household level. Over the years, women have accumulated an impressive store of environmental wisdom, being the ones to find water, to educate children in hygiene matters and to understand the impact of poor sanitation on health and the environment. Very often the decision about location of water sources, types of water sources, and who will maintain the operation of the facilities are made without consulting women resulting in no-one taking responsibility. Men, who mainly dominate the operations and maintenance of facilities in the water sector often do not fully implement decisions and actions thus the need to involve more women. 4. 2Equitable access to land rights and water for productive use Equitable access to water for productive use empowers women and addresses the root causes of gender inequality. Lack of access (ownership) to land, is seen as an underlying cause of women’s limited access to water. In Uganda, women technically have little control and ownership on land under customary law in many of the Uganda ethnic societies statutory (national) law, there is, however, no discrimination. According to MFPED (2006), women own only 7% of the registered land in Uganda, a situation which affects gender mainstreaming in the Water sector, as women lack control over resources and therefore have limited decision making over issues like the silting of water sources, maintenance of broken pumps/taps/damaged bore holes/ water tanks and use of water for production. Land ownership is a precondition for access to water. Thus, land reforms that allocated legal land tenure to the heads of households or permanent agricultural workers (who are generally male) resulted in women losing any legal claim to water. There is need of water for a range of small scale economic enterprises, like: home gardens in peri-urban areas ; growing fruits; poultry farming; preparing food, (which are some times overlooked in agricultural statistics). Overall, the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) reports an increasing â€Å"feminisation of agriculture† due to wars, pandemics and the exodus of men seeking paid work in urban areas. Also mentioned is the fact that women are heads of an increasing number of rural households in the developing world and find themselves in the position of managing farm land and providing for their families alone, without legal rights to water and land. 4. 3Equity and Participation in the management of resources in the water sector The management of water resources has been mainly male dominated. Men occupy a bigger portion in careers and training in water management than do women. Social barriers tend to restrict women’s participation in public consultations that can influence policies on water at all levels of water management. This prevents women voices from being effectively heard, particularly with respect to their environmental concerns and also results to limited effectiveness of water, sanitation and hygiene promotion efforts . Usually it is men who make the decisions over water management and sanitation issues and yet it is women who are usually in greater need for sanitation privacy and responsible for water, sanitation and hygiene. It is worth noting that the process of formulating the Water and Sanitation Sub-Sector Strategy (2010/11-2014/15), which began in 2003-2008 (Water Sector Gender Strategy-WSGS,WSGS ), served as the first strategic framework for implementing Uganda’s National Gender Strategy within the powers of the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). The WSGS I was developed in response to the various international commitments made by the Government of Uganda regarding gender equality and the National Gender Policy (1997). The strategy was aimed at developing and empowering approaches that would enhance gender equity, participation and access to and control of resources in the water sector. The strategy further put emphasis on both internal and external gender mainstreaming including building capacity for gender planning, monitoring and evaluation; strengthening the capacities of partners and executing bodies for mainstreaming; and committing adequate resources for gender related activities. This is an outstanding move with good intentions of formulating gender equity and participation but unless the Ministry of Water and Environment comprehensively and consistently puts focus on gender concerns, gender mainstreaming in the water sector will not penetrate deeply into matters of policy and legislation. 4. 4Issues on Sanitation Sanitation refers to the drainage and disposal of sewage. The need to dispose human excreta appropriately is an environmental and social concern in the country. Ignoring it posses adverse impacts on environment cost and on health. Lack of sanitation and poor hygiene are responsible for the transmission of diseases such as cholera, typhoid and other parasitic infections. These diseases have a big negative impact on the health and nutrition of communities especially the children. A focus on gender differences is of particular importance with regard to sanitation facilities which needs the attention of women to play crucial roles in influencing the hygiene behaviours of children, and men too can serve as role models in sustaining changes in disposal habits. Hence the success and effective use of water and sanitation facilities largely depend on the involvement of both women and men in selecting the location and technology of such facilities, and taking responsibility for operation and maintenance. Sanitation concerns are mainly emphasized in urban and peri-urban centres and less priotised in the villages or lower communities/households. It is only under the urban and peri-urban strategies that water is directly linked to sanitation. The number of latrines at community level tend to be less as compared to size of the families needed to access them. Latrines are usually household initiatives sometimes rudimentary in nature. The water sector supply systems are relatively well developed and have mechanisms for delivery whenever necessary as compared to sanitation mostly at community level. There seems to be no well-developed mechanism for sanitation service delivery even at household level. Investment in water supply is highly priotised than sanitation. The reasons why sanitation prioritisation is not key in the water and sanitation sector is because of the difficulty of estimating the sanitation measures especially for rural sanitation where the latrines are merely rudimental with varying degrees of safety which makes it difficult to tag costs of improvements, rehabilitation or construction of such facilities including lack of political commitment to sanitation. It was therefore easy to omit household sanitation and concentrate on institutional sanitation (MWLE 2005). 5. 0Linkages OF GENDER EQUITY with PEAP Goals Gender mainstreaming and improved access to water supply has two potential benefits; improved service delivery and health. Gender equity in the sector offers better services in the management and maintenance while water-born diseases are important issues of the disease burden in Uganda. The sector goals are in line with PEAP goals as well as the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs). For example, the goals aim at the importance of gender in areas of agricultural production, legal discrimination and wood fuel, shortage of sustainable safe water supply and sanitation facilities, based on management responsibility and ownership by the users. It furthermore mentions inadequacies realised in the capacity to apply gender analysis skills, limited gender awareness among the communities, bureaucratic resistance in decision making and weak support in monitoring and supervision of sector activities as the reasons for low gender responsiveness. 6. 0Implementation Challenges The Poverty Eradication Action Plan identifies the importance of gender mainstreaming in all interventions which include policy planning, formulation, guiding public actions to eradicate poverty and points out inadequacies in applying gender analysis skills, limited gender awareness among the communities, bureaucratic resistance among decision makers and weak support in supervision and monitoring. However, the importance of gender equity is not emphasised in the water and sanitation sector major implementation polices. Focus is targeted on poverty alleviation as an overall concern than gender. This limits coverage on gender issues and implementation. The insurgency in some northeast parts of the country and most especially northern Uganda, not only delays implementation, but also contributes to destruction of existing facilities. This contributes to delays in achieving the targets and the goals of the sector and PEAP. Community gender involvement, while it is a good input for environmental sustainability, remains difficult to attain. Attempts have been made to involve the men and women in planning ,maintenance of water and sanitation facilities . The methodologies require a lot of skills and patience, qualities that are still lacking among the sub-county level civil servants. Women and the youth involvement remains limited as no major efforts have been made to involve them in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. 7. 0The way forward The paper has identified some challenges in transforming the water sector to achieve effective and sustainable services for both men and women. Issues concerning gender and their roles in development process and thus environment have not been given adequate attention by development planners. Women are now viewed as a useful resource to be integrated into development process, thus rendering the projects more efficient and successful. What is the way forward for Uganda to ensure that gender issues are mainstreamed in environment and development plans, projects and actions? 8. 0Issues to be addressed (1)Having water points nearer the homestead will reduce the distance women and girls have to walk, thus allowing time for other activities, including training, childcare, growing food and income generation. The latter could include construction and management of water and sanitation facilities. (2)It is essential that both women and men be involved in decision making processes regarding the provision, location and technology of water and sanitation facilities in the community and household. (3)Government should also address perceived inequalities between women and men through reviewing laws and policies that discriminate against women and also urge Non Government Organisations(NGOs) and the private sector to champion women’s cause, which might increase women access to land and more decision-making powers. (4)Women groups should be accorded recognition as citizens, land holders and contributors to the development process. They need to have secure access to land and water for domestic use, in addition to productive use in farming including small scale industries. (5)Incorporate gender analysis into all development plans, projects and actions, by encouraging the development of new skills and expertise within an Integrated Water Resources Management framework, linking social and gender aspects with the ecological, technical and economic dimensions of water management with special attention at community level. (6)The water sector should change the attitude of value system in favour of only men, and develop positive perceptions about women as competent professionals just like their male counterparts. 7)Capacity building for all women should be geared towards effective participation in local governances and sustainable development. Women politicians should be strengthened to enable them represent women interests regarding water and sanitation management and maintenance. (8)The water sector should fill all e stablished posts equitably for better performance. It has been found that projects in which women and men have an equal say have a better chance for sustainability and success because they cater for the needs of every one. (9)The legislation on industrial water discharge permits be amended to require all companies / major water polluters to register for discharge permits. 10)A specific percentage of investment in water supply should be dedicated to promotion of sanitation and hygiene initiatives for the welfare of the users and protection of the environment. 9. 0Conclusion The water and sanitation sector has developed elaborate mechanisms and capacity at national, district and community levels for planning and managing sector activities which includes gender and environment issues to a large extent. However, in order to address strategic gender needs, there is a need to introduce fundamental changes in ideologies and power structures, behavioral attitudes, in government, organisatio ns, companies and involve individuals both men and women. How to cite Gender Equality and Environmental Sustainability in Uganda’s Water Sector, Papers

Plan Juridique Essays - DraftBedroom, Chteau De Bois-Briand

Plan Juridique Cette partie du dossier se divise en trois parties : ? Les caract?ristiques de la SARL ? Les caract?ristiques de la g?rance, ? Les formalit?s et obligations l?gales ? suivre, ? Les statuts de la SARL ? Le Jardin des Muses ?. Nous avons choisi de cr?er une soci?t? ? responsabilit?s limit?s pour deux raisons principales : ? la responsabilit? des associ?s est limit? ? leurs apports et n'exige pas de condition de capacit? particuli?re, ? le g?rant minoritaire b?n?ficie des avantages du r?gime social des salari?s. Le capital social que nous apportons provient de comptes d'?pargne, de pr?ts personnels et de la vente d'un bien immobilier h?rit?. Le total des apports se monte ? un million de francs. 1. La S.A.R.L. 1.1. Caract?ristique de la SARL C'est une soci?t? ? caract?re mixte : ? La personne des associ?s est prise en consid?ration et le capital de la soci?t? est divis? en parts sociales, librement cessibles entre associ?s. Elles le sont cessibles ? des tiers s'il y a consentement de la majorit? des associ?s repr?sentant les 3/4 du capital social. ? La responsabilit? des associ?s est limit?e ? leurs apports, ce qui la rapproche des soci?t?s de capitaux. Pour assurer une garantie aux tiers, la loi exige un capital minimal. La SARL est la seule soci?t? qui est institu?e par un contrat conclu entre deux ou plusieurs personnes (50 au maximum). 1.2. Le Contrat de Soci?t? (article 1108 du Code civil) 1.2.1. Conditions g?n?rales de validit? du contrat de soci?t? Consentement et capacit? Les associ?s ne sont pas commer?ants, donc seule la capacit? de faire des actes civils est n?cessaire. Un incapable peut souscrire des parts sociales par l'interm?diaire de son repr?sentant l?gal. L'acte est consid?r? comme un placement de capitaux. Les ?trangers ne peuvent ?tre g?rants d'une SARL que s'ils sont titulaires d'une carte de commer?ant ?tranger. Toutefois, les ressortissants des pays membres de la CEE sont dispens?s de cette obligation. ?La nullit? de la soci?t? ne peut r?sulter ni d'un vice du consentement, ni de l'incapacit? des associ?s ? moins que celle-ci n'atteigne tous les associ?s fondateurs? (article 360, loi du 24 juillet 1966). L'objet et la cause Conform?ment ? l'article 1126 du Code civil, l'objet du contrat est ? la chose qu'une partie s'oblige ? donner ou qu'une partie s'oblige ? faire ou ? ne pas faire ?. Ce sont donc les apports faits par les associ?s qui devraient constituer l'objet de la soci?t?. L'objet doit ?tre d?termin?, possible et licite. D?signation La SARL est d?sign?e par une d?nomination sociale, suivie de l'indication : ?Soci?t? ? responsabilit? limit?e? ou SARL, et du montant du capital social. 1.2.2. Les conditions de forme Le contrat de soci?t? doit ?tre formul? par ?crit : c'est ? le pacte social ?. Il constitue par la suite les statuts de la soci?t?. La n?cessit? d'un ?crit s'impose en raison de la complexit? du contrat, mais de plus il permet : ? de constituer une preuve de l'existence de la soci?t? ; ? de servir de support ? la publicit? qui est faite pour informer les tiers de son existence ; ? de demander l'immatriculation de la soci?t? au RCS. Les mentions suivantes doivent obligatoirement figurer dans les statuts : ? forme juridique, dur?e, d?nomination sociale, si?ge social, objet, montant du capital social ; ? ?valuation de chaque apport en nature s'il y en a ; ? r?partition des parts entre associ?s ; ? mention du d?p?t des fonds correspondant aux apports en num?raire ; ? mention de la lib?ration des parts sociales. D'autres clauses sont pratiquement indispensables. Elles pr?cisent, par exemple : ? les pouvoirs des g?rants ; ? le mode de consultation des associ?s ; ? la r?partition des r?sultats, etc. L'acte peut ?tre authentique ou sous seing priv?. 1.2.3. Les conditions sp?cifiques au contrat de soci?t? Deux conditions d?coulent de l'article 1832 du Code civil : la n?cessit? des apports ? la soci?t? de chacun des associ?s et leur participation aux r?sultats de l'entreprise alors qu'une troisi?me condition r?sulte de la jurisprudence : l'? affectio societatis ?. Les apports Ce sont les biens, l'argent, ou l'activit? que les associ?s doivent apporter ? la soci?t? ; en r?mun?ration de leurs apports, ils re?oivent des parts sociales appel?es ? actions ?. En g?n?ral, les droits obtenus sont proportionnels au montant des apports. L'apport en num?raire est la somme apport?e par l'associ? en esp?ces, ch?que ou virement, ? la soci?t?.